三种多样性的关系 _「知识分享」

英文题目：Making sense of diversity: public-private sector research linkage in three technologies,
摘要：工业研究与学术和政府实验室之间的联系在范围和性质上存在很大的差异。本文报告的研究试图理解为什么公司在某些情况下与公共部门研究（PSR）挂钩，而不是在其他情况下与之挂钩，以便为制定政策提供依据，以促进有效针对性的公私研究联系。该研究侧重于三种技术，即生物技术、先进工程陶瓷和并行计算，并采用了一种相当新颖的研究设计，研究了行业PSR链接活动以及与该活动相关的知识流或科技输入。
我们的研究结果强调了公共科学研究基础研究和“工具”创新的普遍重要性，以及获取公共科学研究知识对非正式互动和文献的严重依赖。正式链接活动的程度存在跨技术差异；PSR中STI的相对重要性；以及PSR在每种技术中的特定知识贡献。我们的分析提出了工业部门、PSR、技术和公司的因素分类，这些因素似乎共同解释了这种多样性。有人提出，这种分类法和“STI方法”都可以证明是有用的政策和管理工具。
Abstract: There is considerable diversity in the extent and nature of industry's research links with academic and government laboratories. The study reported here sought to understand why companies link up with public sector research (PSR) on some occasions and not others, in order to provide the basis for designing policies to foster public-private research linkage which are effectively targeted. The study focused on three technologies, biotechnology, advanced engineering ceramics and parallel computing, and adopted a rather novel research design which investigates both industry-PSR linkage activity and the knowledge flows or scientific and technological inputs (STI) associated with that activity.
Our findings highlight the general importance to innovation of basic research in PSR and of ‘instrumentalities’, also the heavy reliance on informal interaction and the literature to access PSR knowledge. There were cross-technology differences in the extent of formal linkage activity; in the relative significance of STI from PSR; and in the particular knowledge contribution of PSR in each technology. Our analysis suggests a taxonomy of factors, in the industrial sector, PSR, the technology and the firm, which together appear to explain this diversity. It is proposed that both this taxonomy and the ‘STI approach’ could prove useful policy and management tools.
【三种多样性的关系】参考文献格式：Wendy Faulkner, Jacqueline Senker,Making sense of diversity: public-private sector research linkage in three technologies,Research Policy,Volume 23, Issue 6,1994,Pages 673-695,ISSN 0048-7333,***/10.1016/0048-7333(94)90017-5.